The association among mothers', fathers', and infants' risk and cognitive and social behaviors at 24 months was examined using structural equation modeling and data on 4,200 on toddlers and their parents from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort.
The families of nationally-representative children born in the United States in 2001 were surveyed, interviewed, and observed at 4 time points from birth to kindergarten entry to examine the influence of maternal, paternal, and child risk factors (poverty, unemployment, ability to speak English,
Relationships between infant negative reactivity and self-regulation, parenting self-efficacy, and child weight outcomes were examined. Greater observed negative reactivity predicted more child weight gain when mothers had lower parenting self-efficacy.
A sample of mother-infant dyads were assessed several times in the child's first three years of life to examine the relationships among infant negative reactivity (expression of negative emotions), self-regulation, parenting self-efficacy (belief in one's parenting ability), and child w